According to Field Crops Research, owning to the amazing progress on ‘super’ hybrid rice, the application of unexpected high yield potential of this kind rice can provide extra food for approximately 3 billion people.1 As a result, there is a widespread sense that the starvation of people has been substantially solved. However, this is questionable. People in China are facing a severe problem of the loss of cultivated land, due to the pollution of soil, the process of urbanization, and the advancement of land desertification. To begin with, since China is a mountainous country from time immemorial, plow lands are precious for this centuried nation. Unfortunately, in this typical developing country, for the booming of economy, soil pollution has become the most fundamental challenge for Chinese agriculture, because of the use of coal and the hydrologic cycle. The prosperity of coal mine can create innumerable heavy metal pollution which can contaminate the cultivated lands irreversibly. To illustrate, Science of the Total Environment has mentioned that, in China, 1,500,000 ha of wasteland might be produced only by mining, and this data is still climbing as a rate of 46,700 ha per year, in 15 January 2014.2 As Journal of Geochemical Exploration demonstrated in September 2013, Cd and Cu, which are discovered nearly the plow lands, are the essential contaminants of these lands.3 Meanwhile, the hydrologic cycles bring the pollutants that have been generated in air and water into soils. For example, according to the study started by Chinese government, owning to the emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, the acid rains have dramatically lowered the pH values, which are the vital factor for cultivation, of soil.4 Moreover, in November 2012, the Environmental Pollution stated that because of the exchange between soil and air, soil has become the elementary depot of persistent organic pollutants which are let out into air.5 Furthermore, with the rapid development of society, economy, and technology, in order to get better living condition, accept better education, or enlarge the income of their families, research indicates that approximately 200 to 250 million civilians who used to be farmers and live in rural areas have moved to big cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, especially in resent three decades in China.6 Most people treat this phenomena as a sign of prosperity of our country. However, this kind of immigration has caused two crucial issues: no more farmers and less land for agriculture. According to the study of urbanization in China from 1952 to 1991, since Chinese citizens ate divided not only as urban or rural but also as agricultural or non-agricultural, if people who used to live in countryside are going to move into cities, there would be fewer farmers.7 Moreover, in 24 December 2015, Ecological Modelling illustrated that, up to 2012, China’s urbanization had expend from 10% to 50% in the past sixty years.8 Consequently, in order to get more benefits from the migration, most high-yield agricultural land has been relentlessly abandoned.9 Last but not the least, the serious advancement of land desertification has exploded, thanks to the unlimited exploitation of natural resources, especially endless tillage and immoderately deforestation. For instance, in June 2006, Journal of Environmental Management demonstrated that the Minqin oasis ( Minqin County, Gansu Province, China) was facing the indicated challenge of desertification, on account of the unlimited pasture husbandry owning to the history of agriculture and the elements of socio-economy.10 Moreover, in 15 August 2010, according to Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, before the Grain-to-Green Program ( GTGP) was put into effect, because increasing livestock the most primary income of most northwest farmers in China, to earn more money, without thinking about the adaptation of grasslands, local peasants raise livestock as many as they can.11 Meanwhile, Dr. Lal and Morgan pointed that desertification is the most fundamental cause of the erosion of soil which takes away the topsoil that is the most productive part of the land.12 According to the same reference, after a seven-year continuing deforestation, the nutrition in soil has been eroded significantly. For example, OM decreased by 20%, TN decreased by 13.6%, NH4–N 36.2%, and available P by 45.1%. As a conclusion, since agriculture provides the most primary living conditions to human beings, it occupies the most considerable character among the three main industries. We not only ought to profoundly realize the dramatic impacts of the immigration of rural to urban, but also make efforts to enhance the income of peasantry as well as defend for the environment. Reference
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When I was a junior student in TUFE, I felt in love with my ex-boy friend. He cared about my feelings when I was in my period, cooked tastey food when wen were in our wocation, and bought me gifts when it was our day of commemoration. Although he wasn't as handsome as Leehom Wang, one of my favorite singer, he wasn't as taller as Lee MinHo, and he wasn't born in a wealthy family. But except my family members, he was the most important person for me at that time.
According to Business Wire in Nov. 23, 2009, the Mini 3i, which cannot even be imaged WC 50 years ago, is particularly designed and produced for China’s massive number of customers, who provide a 180-million-requirement on mobile phone markets. These markets demand a kind of smart phone which delivers fast, easy and fun access to the internet, e-mail, chat, music and video. 1 However, every time after drinking some alcohol with my grandfather, he always says with sorrow that the expectation that there were lights and telephones on upstairs and downstairs of his mother has become true. Unfortunately, she had no sight of this kind of life before her death. What has happened in the recent 50 years? What makes life so different today and 50 years ago? With the rapid development of economy, society, and technology, life today and life 50 years ago in China reveals remarkable distinctions, especially in education, farming, and old-age care.
From time immemorial, Chinese attach great importance to education. However, only the prosperous class and few poor people had the chance to receive education. Fortunately, great changes have taken place in China’s education, typically in literacy which represents that people over 15 years old can read or write, average years of education, and techniques of accepting education. In 2011, the literacy rank of China was 86 all over the world, and the literacy rate is VT 95.92%.2 But back to 1968, 33.58% people over15 years old in China didn’t know how to write or read even a word.3 After talking about literacy, education today and 50 years ago also differs in the average years of education. To illustrate, in 2016, the average year of people who take education among all of the labor is 10, ( compulsory-9- year education)especially among new labor who are going to work in recent years, this data is 13 years.4 Yet 50 years ago, the majority people in China were farmers who lived in the countryside where they had no schools and hardly had requirements on accepting education. Furthermore, compared with 50 years ago, the requirements of Chinese for higher education and lifelong learning has grown significantly in China. In order to satisfy the demand for education, new techniques, especially long distance education, such as correspondence-based education, radio and TV-based education and online education, have been developed to provide people more opportunities to study. For instance, By 2007, a total of 20 834 online education courses had been developed, and shared courses on campus reached 7553 and intercollegiate shared courses amounted to 5526.5 Furthermore, as the evolutionary process of industry and science has been occurring, the traditional farming period has gone. Agriculture today and 50 years ago is remarkably distinguished from the past in ways people farm and high technologies we use for breeding, seeding, and harvesting. To begin with, today we use mechanical facilities equipment, such as seeders and harvesters, instead of hands to grow corn, rice, and wheat. To illustrate, according to China’s agricultural machinery network, the largest information platform of farming machines in China, the efficiency of a Soybean seed drill is more than 40 times as efficient as a person.6 The productivity of 4GZ-9 whole stalk harvester, a machine used for harvesting sugarcanes, is 0.1-0.15 ha/h.7 According to the same article, the writer mentioned that sugarcane harvest was almost based on manual work 50 years ago. Moreover, today high technology plays a more fundamental role in geoponics than 50 years ago. To illustrate, today we can cultivate seeds which are easy to plant, are high yield, and have disease-resistant for farmers thanks to genetic science. From now on, in China, multi-cropping system has been applied in over three quarters of the area which is used to plant wheat, in which more than two kinds of crops can be planted and harvested in each year in sequential cropping or relay cropping.8 Unlike mono-cropping, which was used to plant wheat 50 years ago, the multi-cropping system has made it better that the whole outputs have been enhanced to satisfy the growing requirements for food products. This kind of genetic technology which was discovered by Yuan, Longping, a famous agriculturalist, has rescued 160,000,000 people from starvation. On the other hand, unlike nutrients which were generated by soil itself 50 years ago, fertilizers whose ingredients have been added in with scientific analysis help crops grow better. Although man made plant food may bring a mass of environmental issues, fertilizers and compound fertilizers boosted productivity of crops WC 40% to 60% , especially for China, a superpower which owns only 7% arable land of the world but has to support over one fifth of the population of the world, according to the statistics from FAO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Last but not the least, old-people care, the largest challenge facing China now and in the next 20 to 40 years, differs in today and 50 years ago not only owing to the transformations of family structures and the efforts made by government, but also thanks to the distinctions of life expectancies. In the first place, the essential structures of family have changed from multichildren that children can support their gerontic parents together 50 years ago to one child whom the majority of parents could afford today. Consequently, compared with 50 years ago, today more and more old people who are retired or over 65 years old don’t relay their endowment insurance on their kids. Traditionally, looking after elders is the most fundamental morality in China. However, due to the dramatic transformations of family size and the soaring process of population ageing, there are fewer possibilities for children and relatives who can take care of the elders. For instance, data from the sixth Chinese census in 2010 show that the percentage of people older than 65 years has increased from 5.6% in 1990 to 8.9% in 2010, and the percentage of people older than 60 years old has increased from 8.6% to 13.3% during the same period.9 Additionally, today’s politics acted by government plays a crucial role in taking care of elders. To illustrate, according to the research, to make sure the elementary livelihood of the aged who live in countryside is maintained, the Chinese government published ART a new policy of rural social endowment insurance.10 Moreover, unlike people over 60 years old, today they have multiple choice PL to spend their later years. For example, today people over 60 years old can travel wherever they want, whereas 50 years ago, people over this age always had less money but massive kinds of diseases. What’s more, today the average life expectancy is much longer than it used to be. A perfect illustration is that WHO, the world health organization CAPS, demonstrated in Geneva that the life expectancy of China is 76.1 years, around 5 years longer than the average year of the world.11 However, life expectancy in 1970 was only 62 years old. To sum up, tremendous variations have taken place in recent 50 years in China. The innovations that our great-grandparents hadn’t supposed, the creations that our antecedents hadn’t seen, and the revolutions that ancestors hadn’t experienced, have come up in our generation. These kinds of scenes will happen again after maybe only 20 years. As these displacements have totally transformed our life, they bring both benefits, such as what I’ve claimed above, and drawbacks which we should pay much more attentions on to us. When we are enjoying a better life brought by the achievements of modern science and technology, we also have to spare much more time, energy, and patience to deal with the hidden risks caused by waste, excessive development, and pollution. References 1. China mobile becomes first to sell dell mini 3i smart phones. (2009, Nov 23).Business Wire Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.mutex.gmu.edu/docview/443753023?accountid=14541 2. China economy website, April, 28th, 2011 http://www.ce.cn/macro/more/201104/28/t20110428_22390348.shtml 3. People website, August, 5th, 2001 http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper53/3929/470097.html 4. National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China, September, 1st, 2016 http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjjd/201609/t20160901_1395572.html 5. Ding, X., Niu, J., & Han, Y. (2010). Research on distance education development in China. British Journal Of Educational Technology, 41(4), 582-592. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01093.x http://web.a.ebscohost.com.mutex.gmu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?sid=dead6795-efac-4e22-a54a-704640db236e%40sessionmgr4009&vid=0&hid=4206&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=51399206&db=ehh 6. China’s agricultural machinery network, May, 5th, 2014 http://www.nyjxw.com/html/201405/15141.html 7. Ou, Y., Wegener, M., Yang, D., Liu, Q., Zheng, D., Wang, M., & Liu, H. (2013). Mechanization technology: The key to sugarcane production in China. International Journal Of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, 6(1), 1-27. doi:10.3965/j.ijabe.20130601.001 8. Wheat cropping systems and technologies in China, Fahong Wanga, Zhonghu Heb, Ken Sayrec, Shengdong Lia, Jisheng Sia, Bo Fenga, Lingan Kong, Received 6 September 2008, Revised 5 December 2008, Accepted 9 December 2008, Available online 20 January 2009 http://www.sciencedirect.com.mutex.gmu.edu/science/article/pii/S0378429008002487 9. Tsui, M. (1989). Changes in Chinese Urban Family Structure. Journal of Marriage and Family, 51(3), 737-747. doi:1. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/352172 doi:1 10. Shen, S., Li, F. & Tanui, J.K. Ageing Int (2012) 37: 285. doi:10.1007/s12126-011-9130-3 11. WHO, The world health statistics 2016, May, 19th, 2016 This picture illustrated a father who was painfully holding the body of his recently killed child when the solders unconcernedly looked down from their tank. When the Army had been rudely passing their village, grabbing natives’ fortunes barbarously, the little unsophisticated girl was chasing her grass made ball roiling across the narrow road. Unfortunately, the drunk driver hadn’t stopped the vehicle. After the rushing vehicle had taken away the cloth of the kid, she lied on the side of the road peacefully. If the loathsome World War hadn’t happened in China, this helpless father wouldn’t loss his unmatured poor kid.
When I am looking back, I hope there are no regrets because of mediocre, idle away my time, and a sleazy, life vulgar and guilt. In order to full fill my life, my bucket list must contain at least 3 things, setting up a equipped primary school in northwest China, traveling all over the world with my lover with my manual plane, and innovating a time machine which lets me go back to the cretaceous period when dinosaurs are alive.
To begin with, although because of the development of science and technology, people all around the world can surf the Internet to absorb knowledge which they are interested in, there are still a lot of Chinese school-age children who have dropped out of schools owning to poverty in northeast of China, the poorest place of this country. I hope one day I have enough money and ability to build a primary school, where my father and I could be the headmaster and teacher, where I can provide long-distance education for these students, and where I can make my life meaningful. Furthermore, I love traveling and adventure. If one day I can produce a private ordering plane by myself and my lover, it will be significant. On one hand, doing manual together with my lover is the best way to promote our relationships, and it can also leave us a memorable recall. On the other hand, every time when we travel with this plane, we will be satisfied with the different kinds of experience. For example, we can choose the unique route we want. Last but not the least, I want to produce a time machine which lets me go through time period. I have not only a lot of questions about the dinosaurs which lived in Cretaceous Period, but a lot of doubts about the history, such as the Three Kingdoms period of China, the four great inventions, and the Renaissance. If I could travel the time, I can experience the historic scenes by myself, and tell them to my children. According to Business Wire mentioned in Nov. 23, 2009, the Mini 3i, which cannot even be imaged 50 years ago, is particularly designed and produced to give Chinese massive customers, who provide a 180-million-requirement on mobile phone markets, a smart phone that delivers fast, easy and fun access to the internet, e-mail, chat, music and video.1 However, every time after drinking some alcohol with my grandfather, he always says with sorrow that the expectation that there are lights and telephones on upstairs and downstairs of his mother, my great grandmother, has become true but she had no sight on this kind of life before her death. What has happened in resent 50 years? What makes it so different that life today and 50 years ago? With the rapid development of economy, society, and technology, life today and life 50 years ago in China reveal remarkable distinctions, especially on education, farming, and old-age care.
From the time immemorial, Chinese attach great importance to education. However, only the prosperous class and few poor people had chance to receive education. Fortunately, great changes have taken place in China’s education, typically in literacy which represents that people over 15 years old can read or write, average years of education per person, and techniques of accepting education. In 2011, the literacy rank of China was 86 all over the world, and the literacy rate is 95.92%.2 But back to 1968, 33.58% people over15 years old in China didn’t know how to write or read even a word.3 After talking about literacy, education today and 50 years ago also differ in the average years of education per person. To illustrate, in 2016, the average year of people who take education among all of the labors is 10, ( compulsory-9- year education)especially among new labors who are going to work in recent years, this data is 13 years.4 Yet 50 years ago, the majorities in China are farmers who lived in the countryside where had no schools and hardly had requirements on accepting educations. Furthermore, compared with 50 years ago, the requirements of Chinese for higher education and lifelong learning has grown surgently in China. In order to satisfy the demand for education, new techniques, especially long distance education, such as correspondence-based education, radio and TV-based education and online education, have been developed to provide people more opportunities to study. For instance, By 2007, a total of 20 834 online education courses had been developed, and shared courses on campus reached 7553 and intercollegiate shared courses amounted to 5526.5 Furthermore, as the evolutionary process of industry and science has been occurring, the traditional framing period has gone. Agricultural today and 50 years ago remarkably distinguishes on ways people farming and high technologies we used on breeding, seeding, and harvesting. To begin with, today we use mechanical facilities, such as seeder and harvester, instead of hands to grow corns, grains, and wheat. To illustrate, according to the China’s agricultural machinery network, the largest information platform of farming machines in China, the efficiency of a Soybean seed drill is more than 40 times than a person.6 The productivity of 4GZ-9 whole stalk harvester, a machine used for harvesting sugarcanes, is 0.1-0.15 ha/h.7 According to the same article, the writer mentioned that sugarcane harvest was almost based on manual work 50 years ago. Moreover, today high technology plays a more fundamental role in geoponics than 50 years ago. To illustrate, today we can cultivate seeds which are easy to plant, high yield, and having disease-resistant for farmers with genetic science. From now on, in China, multi-cropping system has been applied over three quarters area which is used to planting wheat, in which more than two kinds of crops can be planted and harvested in each year in sequential cropping or relay cropping.8 Unlike mono-cropping, which was used to plant wheat 50 years ago, the multi-cropping system has made it better that the whole outputs have been enhanced to satisfy the growing requirements for food products. This kind of genetic technology which was discovered by Yuan, Longping, a famous agriculturalist, has rescued 160,000,000 people from starvation. On the other hand, unlike nutrients which were generated by soil itself 50 years ago, fertilizers whose ingredients have been added in with scientific analysis help crops grow better. Although man made plant food may bring a mass of environmental issues, fertilizers and compound fertilizers devote 40% to 60% increase on the productivities of crops, especially for China, a superpower which owns only 7% arable land of the world but has to support over one in fifth populations of the world, according to the statistics from FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The last but not the least, old-people care, the largest challenge China facing now and in the next 20 to 40 years, differs in today and 50 years ago not only owning to the transformations of family structures and the efforts made by government, but also thanks to the distinctions of life expectancies. In the first place, the essential structures of family have changed from multichildren that children can support their gerontic parents together 50 years ago to one child whom the majority parents could afford today. Consequently, compared with 50 years ago, today more and more old people who are retired or over 65 years old don’t relay their endowment insurance on their kids. Traditionally, looking after elders is the most fundamental morality in China. However, due to the dramatic transformations of family size and the soaring process of population ageing, there are fewer possibilities for children and relatives who can take care of the elders. For instance, data from the sixth Chinese census in 2010 show that the percentage of people older than 65 years has increased from 5.6% in 1990 to 8.9% in 2010, and the percentage of people older than 60 years old has increased from 8.6% to 13.3% during the same period.9 Additionally, today politics acted by government play crucial characters on taking care of elders. To illustrate, according to the research, to make sure the elementary livelihood of the aged who live in countryside, the Chinese government published new policy of rural social endowment insurance.10 Moreover, unlike people over 60 years old, today they have multiple choice to spend their later years. For example, today people over 60 years old can travel wherever they want, whereas 50 years ago, people over this age always had no money but diseases. What’s more, today the average life expectancy is much longer than it used to. A perfect illustration is that WHO, the world health organization, demonstrated in Geneva that the life expectancy of China is 76.1 years, around 5 years longer than the average year of the world.11 However, life expectancy in 1970 was only 62 years old. To sum up, tremendous variations has taken place in recent 50 years in China. The innovations that our great-grandparents hadn’t supposed, the creations that our antecedents hadn’t seen, and the revolutions that ancestors hadn’t experienced, have come up in our generation. These kinds of scenes will happen again after maybe only 20 years. As these displacements have totally transformed our life, they bring both benefits, such as what I’ve claimed above, and drawbacks which we should pay much more attentions on to us. When we are enjoying a better life brought by the achievements of modern science and technology, we also have to spare much more time, energy, and patience to deal with the hidden risks caused by waste, excessive development, and pollution. References 1. China mobile becomes first to sell dell mini 3i smart phones. (2009, Nov 23).Business Wire Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.mutex.gmu.edu/docview/443753023?accountid=14541 2. China economy website, April, 28th, 2011 http://www.ce.cn/macro/more/201104/28/t20110428_22390348.shtml 3. People website, August, 5th, 2001 http://www.people.com.cn/GB/paper53/3929/470097.html 4. National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China, September, 1st, 2016 http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjjd/201609/t20160901_1395572.html 5. Ding, X., Niu, J., & Han, Y. (2010). Research on distance education development in China. British Journal Of Educational Technology, 41(4), 582-592. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01093.x http://web.a.ebscohost.com.mutex.gmu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?sid=dead6795-efac-4e22-a54a-704640db236e%40sessionmgr4009&vid=0&hid=4206&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=51399206&db=ehh 6. China’s agricultural machinery network, May, 5th, 2014 http://www.nyjxw.com/html/201405/15141.html 7. Ou, Y., Wegener, M., Yang, D., Liu, Q., Zheng, D., Wang, M., & Liu, H. (2013). Mechanization technology: The key to sugarcane production in China. International Journal Of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, 6(1), 1-27. doi:10.3965/j.ijabe.20130601.001 8. Wheat cropping systems and technologies in China, Fahong Wanga, Zhonghu Heb, Ken Sayrec, Shengdong Lia, Jisheng Sia, Bo Fenga, Lingan Kong, Received 6 September 2008, Revised 5 December 2008, Accepted 9 December 2008, Available online 20 January 2009 http://www.sciencedirect.com.mutex.gmu.edu/science/article/pii/S0378429008002487 9. Tsui, M. (1989). Changes in Chinese Urban Family Structure. Journal of Marriage and Family, 51(3), 737-747. doi:1. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/352172 doi:1 10. Shen, S., Li, F. & Tanui, J.K. Ageing Int (2012) 37: 285. doi:10.1007/s12126-011-9130-3 11. WHO, The world health statistics 2016, May, 19th, 2016 When it comes to the presidential election of 2016, the candidates, Clinton and Trump, differ extremely in immigration policies and views of science & environment.
To begin with, Clinton who is the candidate of democrat shares disparate standpoints with Trump who is the candidate of republican on immigration policies. To illustrate, on one hand, as Trump demonstrated on his Full Immigration Speech in Sep. 1, 2016, “You cannot obtain legal status or become a citizen of the United States by illegally entering our country. ” to response against to the topic that should undocumented immigrants in the United States be allowed to become legal residents? However, according to Clinton who proposed this topic pointed out in Sep. 25, 2015, “America Needs Comprehensive Immigration Reform with a Pathway to Citizenship.” On the other hand, Trump reclaimed on his Twitter post in Dec. 24, 2015 that “Because of the pressure put on by me, it's about time for ICE TO LAUNCH LARGE SCALE DEPORTATION RAIDS.” as an approving response to the issue that should the fedral covernment use raids to enforce immigration laws. Yet Clinton recommended that “Our immigration enforcement efforts should be humane and conducted in accordance with due process.” to object to that the Federal Government should use raids to enforce immigration laws, on Jan. 11, 2016. Furthermore, these two candidates also exists significant imparities on the views of science & environment. For instance, when asked about the altitude about the topic that is human activity primarily responsible for global climate change, Clinton pointed out on quora.com on May 18, 2016 that “ It's real, it's driven by human activity, and it's happening right now.” as a sustaining position. But Trump illustrated that “I call it weather. Maybe there's a little bit of change, I don't happen to believe it’s manmade.” as an refusing manner. Moreover, according to the poll that should genetically modified (GMO) foods have mandatory labeling, Clinton demonstrated on The Institute for Responsible Technology in Dec. 24, 2015 that “I am very much in favor of what Secretary Vilsack is trying to do.” , an absolutely supporting point of view. However, when answered the survey questions of science & environment, Trump observed that he would support the use of biotechnology in food products and oppose efforts to require mandatory labeling for foods simply because they contain ingredients derived from biotechnology. |
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December 2016
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